Alcides*
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Adolf Wölfli, Bangali Firework (Bänggaalisches Feuerwärk), 1926, Colored pencil on paper, 18.5 x 24.5 inches (47 x 62.2 cm)
Although the roots of Outsider Art can be traced back thousands of years, it is most useful to look back to its most recent precursor, art brut (Raw Art) to hear the most vital articulations of its true spirit. In his 1947 manifesto, French artist and curator Jean Dubuffet described the term art brut as follows: "We understand by this term works produced by persons unscathed by artistic culture, where mimicry plays little or no part (contrary to the activities of intellectuals). These artists derive everything...from their own depths, and not from the conventions of classical or fashionable art."
In his 1972 book championing art brut, Roger Cardinal called it Outsider Art: "I believe that a paramount factor in the critical definition of the creative Outsider is that he or she should be possessed of an expressive impulse and should then externalize that impulse in an unmonitored way which defies conventional art-historical contextualization."
Dubuffet and Cardinal were writing primarily about extremely marginalized European artists: psychotics, mediums, and eccentrics. This has caused the common misconception that Outsider Art is essentially pathological, when in fact the central characteristic shared by Outsiders is simply their lack of conditioning by art history or art world trends.
Over the years, the parameters of Outsider Art have expanded dramatically to include art made by a wide variety of art-makers who share this common denominator of raw creativity.
Martín Ramírez, Untitled (Super Chief), 1954
Pencil and crayon on paper, 55 x 51 inches (139.7 x 129.5 cm
The genesis of Outsider Art could well be traced to an imagined prehistoric cave wall, to the work of your favorite eccentric visionary or to the mythic artist-genius dreamed up by Romantic philosophers and poets. Outsider Artists began to emerge as a force to be reckoned with during the early 1920's, with the publication of two pioneering studies of art made on asylum inmates, conducted by European psychiatrists in search of universal truths about human creativity.
German Expressionists soon fell in love with the schizophrenic artists presented in these books--especially Adolf Wölfli, Karl Brendel and August Naterrer--and adopted them as creative muses by appropriating their imagery. In Paris, the Surrealists looked to the same books for inspiration, and also to Spiritualist Mediums such as Augustin Lesage and Helene Smith who were famous local practitioners of automatic drawing.
It wasn't until after World War II that Outsider Art was truly recognized as more than simply source material for the modernist avant-garde. The French artist Jean Dubuffet took the Surrealist obsession with Outsiders to a new level by daring to collect and exhibit their work. Not only did he champion the artwork of schizophrenics and local mediums, but he also celebrated art made by eccentric isolates and self-taught laborers. Dubuffet recognized in the work of these divergent groups one unifying trait: a raw quality untouched by academic rules or current trends.
In 1947, Dubuffet staged a ground-breaking, manifesto-driven exhibition in Paris, aptly naming his category art brut (Raw Art). Dubuffet's Collection de l'Art Brut grew in the subsequent decades, and eventually found a home in Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1976. This unique collection might well have remained in isolation, if not for the publication of a 1972 study of art brut entitled Outsider Art written by the British scholar Roger Cardinal. Cardinal's book, and his 1979 London exhibition Outsiders, launched Outsider Art as a powerful global force that continues to challenge and redefine the limits of what we call art.
The critical definition of the creative Outsider is that he or she should be possessed of an expressive impulse and should then externalize that impulse in an unmonitored way which defies conventional art-historical contextualization.
- Roger Cardinal
Judith Scott, Untitled, 2003, Mixed media, 20 x 16 x 10 inches (50.8 x 40.6 x 25.4 cm), Courtesy of Creative Growth Art Center
Augustin Lesage, Untitled, 1927, oil on canvas, 47x37cm.
Dubuffet did not permit his Collection de l'Art Brut to circulate after its permanent installation in Lausanne, in 1976. While previous exhibitions like Harald Szeemann's 1972 edition of Documenta brought wider attention to the radical category of art brut in Europe, it was the 1979 Outsiders exhibition at London's Hayward Gallery that launched it internationally. Co-curators Roger Cardinal and Victor Musgrave expanded Dubuffet's original vision to include American artists such as Henry Darger, Martin Ramirez and Joseph Yoakum, opening the door to artists influenced by vernacular culture, a trait Dubuffet had previously rejected. What had started as a focused challenge to the rigid limits of the mid-20th century Paris art world was now emerging as an international phenomenon poised to unify a vast range of marginal art under the banner of Outsider Art.
By the early 1980s, Outsider Art began to radically transform the field of American Folk Art. Curators, collectors, scholars, and critics who had been struggling unsuccessfully to fit contemporary marginalized artists into the traditional category of Folk Art began to adopt the revolutionary spirit of Outsider Art. Collectors and curators began to make bold, contradictory acquisitions and new, risky curatorial moves that presented American and European artists side by side. The spark of Outsider Art illuminated Folk Art exhibitions throughout the 1980s, including the Corcoran Gallery's seminal Black Folk Art in America:1930-1980, Muffled Voices: Folk Artists in Contemporary Art at the Paine Webber Art Gallery in New York and Baking in the Sun: Visionary Images from the South at the University of Southwest Louisiana.
These and other exhibitions forced a radical split between the traditional and the contemporary aspects of this field. Contemporary Folk Art became synonymous with Outsider Art, despite scholarly rejections on grounds of political incorrectness.
By the early 1990s, Outsider Art was poised to challenge the arbitrary boundaries of the art world. LACMA’s 1992 exhibition “Parallel Visions: Modern Artists and Outsider Art” demonstrated the powerful influence Outsiders had exerted on the mainstream, from the early 20th century on. A more recent reprise of this show, “Outliers and American Vanguard Art,” (2018-19) was hosted by the National Gallery of Art, Washington DC. In the last two decades, curators with an experimental bent have played a major role in staging hybrid shows, including “After Nature,” at the New Museum (2008), “Dargerism” at the American Folk Art Museum (2008), and “Glossolalia" at MoMA (2008) Such shows combined the work of Outsider and Insider Artists, questioning the constructs of mainstream and margin.
The most significant development in the recent history of Outsider Art has been its increasing global recognition in diverse contexts, including major international art events and museum exhibitions. 2013 was a pivotal year with the groundbreaking Venice Biennale #55, named “The Encyclopedic Palace” by curator Massimiliano Gioni to honor the vision of Italian-American Outsider artist Marino Auriti. “The Alternative Guide to the Universe” was held at the Hayward Gallery in London that same year. Other institutions soon followed; The Brooklyn Museum with its 2014 Judith Scott retrospective, “Bound and Unbound,” the Museum of Modern Art, City of Paris, with the 2015 solo exhibition “Henry Darger,” and The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, with its 2018 exhibition “History Refused to Die: Highlights from the Souls Grown Deep Foundation Gift.”
More recently, venerable institutions have continued to produce critically acclaimed exhibitions featuring Outsider Artists, including “Outliers and American Vanguard Art” (National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, 2018), “Joseph Yoakum: What I Saw” (MoMA NY, 2021-22), “Really Free: The Radical Art of Nellie Mae Rowe”(the Brooklyn Museum, 2022), “Janet Sobel-All-Over” (Menil Collection, Houston, 2024), “Creative Growth: The House that Art Built” (SF MoMA, 2024), “Edges of Ailey” (Whitney Museum of American Art, 2024-25), “The Way I See It: Selections from the KAWS Collection” (The Drawing Center, New York, 2024-25), and “Art Brut: In the Intimacy of a Collection” (Grand Palais, Paris, 2025). The recent donation of over 900 works by the renowned Paris-based Collection abcd to the Centre Pompidou is the latest example of the serious critical attention given to the field of Outsider Art.
While this proliferation is occurring, specialized museums renowned for their expertise in Outsider and Self-Taught Art are producing exhibitions that continue to set the standards for the field. These include the American Folk Art Museum (New York), the Collection de L ’Art Brut (Lausanne), the John Michael Kohler Arts Center (Sheboygan, WI), the Intuit Art Museum (Chicago), the High Museum of Art (Atlanta), LaM (Lille, France), the Museum of International Folk Art (Santa Fe), and the Smithsonian Institute of American Art (Washington, DC).
